Technical studies of silver punch mark coins from Narhan (Gorakhpur U.P.), India - 600 BC-200 BC
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Published
Feb 3, 2022
Abstract
Nineteen silver PMC coins from Narhan (Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh), India, 600 BC-200 BC were examined to determine the fabrication technique used in their manufacture. Examination using x-ray diffraction, metallography, spectrographic analysis etc. revealed that the metal used in the coins was extracted from argentiferrous galena ore, and was worked, annealed and punched, whereas other silver PMC coins reported from different sites in India from 600 BC-900 AD were fabricated by casting and punching, without annealing.
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References
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D Scott, Metallography of ancient metallic artifacts, Summer School Press, Institute of Archaeology, 1987, London, 15.
H C Bhardwaj, Aspects of ancient Indian Technology, 1979 (Motilal Banarasidas) New Delhi, 107-142.
AN Lahiri, Saucer like coins and the trend of evolution of early silver punch marked issues (Chhavi - Part II, Bharat Kala Bhawan), 1981, Varanasi, 130-134.
FC Thompson and M J Nasir, The manufacture of celtic coins from the La Marquanderic hoard, Numismatic Chronicle, 1972, 12, 61-73
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CF Elam, An investigation of the microstructures of 15 silver Greek coins (500-300 BC) and some forgeries, JIM, 1931, 45, 57-69.
R F Tylecote, The early history of metallurgy in Europe, 1987, London, 285.
D M Metcalf and W A Oddy, Metallurgy in numismatics' Vol. I. Royal Numismatic Society, 1980, London, 52.
H McKerrell and R B K Stevenson, 'Some analysis of anglo Saxon and associated oriental silver coinage' In: E T Hall and D M Metcalf (eds.), Methods of chemical and metallurgical investigation of ancient coinage, A symposium held by the Royal Numismatic Society at Burlington House, London on 9-11 (Dec. 1970). Royal Numismatic Society, 1972, London, 196-247.
S Prakash and NS Rawat, Chemical study of some Indian archaeological antiquities, 1965, New Delhi, 67-71.
Hamid, Annual report, Archaeological Survey of India, 1927-28, 179.
KT M Hegde, Chemical and spectrographic studies in the Kshatrapa silver coins, Journal of Numismatic Society of India, 1967, XXIX, 65.
S K Chakrabarti, The pre-industrial mines of India, Puratattva, 1985-86, 16, 65- 71
PT Craddock, I C Freestone, L K Gurjar, K T M Hegde, and V H Sonawane, Early zinc production in India, Mining Magazine, 1985, 45-52.
R J Forbes, Studies in ancient technology, 1971, Leiden, 8, 200-239.
P Singhand Makkhan Lai, Narhan: 1983-85 -A preliminary report of archaeological excavations, Bharati. (Bulletin of the Dept. of A.I.H.C. & Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University) New Series, 1985, 3, 113-144.
D Scott, Metallography of ancient metallic artifacts, Summer School Press, Institute of Archaeology, 1987, London, 15.
H C Bhardwaj, Aspects of ancient Indian Technology, 1979 (Motilal Banarasidas) New Delhi, 107-142.
AN Lahiri, Saucer like coins and the trend of evolution of early silver punch marked issues (Chhavi - Part II, Bharat Kala Bhawan), 1981, Varanasi, 130-134.
FC Thompson and M J Nasir, The manufacture of celtic coins from the La Marquanderic hoard, Numismatic Chronicle, 1972, 12, 61-73
Haldhar Pathak, Three saucer-type coins from Puratattva, Varanasi, 1985-86, 16, 89-90
S Prakash and R Singh, Coinage in ancient India, 1968, New Delhi, 497
A K Chatterjee, Metallurgical examination of certain ancient and modern coins, A thesis for the B. Met. Examination, 1947, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
B Ramchandran, Metallurgy of punch marked silver coins of the Mambalam hoard, Journal of Indian Museum, 1957, 13, 15-18.
CF Elam, An investigation of the microstructures of 15 silver Greek coins (500-300 BC) and some forgeries, JIM, 1931, 45, 57-69.
R F Tylecote, The early history of metallurgy in Europe, 1987, London, 285.
D M Metcalf and W A Oddy, Metallurgy in numismatics' Vol. I. Royal Numismatic Society, 1980, London, 52.
H McKerrell and R B K Stevenson, 'Some analysis of anglo Saxon and associated oriental silver coinage' In: E T Hall and D M Metcalf (eds.), Methods of chemical and metallurgical investigation of ancient coinage, A symposium held by the Royal Numismatic Society at Burlington House, London on 9-11 (Dec. 1970). Royal Numismatic Society, 1972, London, 196-247.
S Prakash and NS Rawat, Chemical study of some Indian archaeological antiquities, 1965, New Delhi, 67-71.
Hamid, Annual report, Archaeological Survey of India, 1927-28, 179.
KT M Hegde, Chemical and spectrographic studies in the Kshatrapa silver coins, Journal of Numismatic Society of India, 1967, XXIX, 65.
S K Chakrabarti, The pre-industrial mines of India, Puratattva, 1985-86, 16, 65- 71
PT Craddock, I C Freestone, L K Gurjar, K T M Hegde, and V H Sonawane, Early zinc production in India, Mining Magazine, 1985, 45-52.
R J Forbes, Studies in ancient technology, 1971, Leiden, 8, 200-239.
How to Cite
Technical studies of silver punch mark coins from Narhan (Gorakhpur U.P.), India - 600 BC-200 BC. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 24(2), 81-88. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/566
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How to Cite
Technical studies of silver punch mark coins from Narhan (Gorakhpur U.P.), India - 600 BC-200 BC. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 24(2), 81-88. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/566