Slag inclusions in armour
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Published
Feb 3, 2022
Abstract
The slag inclusions in samples of metal from 70 suits of armour were examined with a Scanning Electron Microscope. Different types of slag inclusion were found in different types of armour. In armour of good quality, the slag inclusions were generally all of the same type, and this type was that expected from a bloomery process. In cheaper armour, not only were the slag inclusions of different types, but more than one type of inclusion was found. An attempt is made to account for these differences in terms of the extraction processes used.
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References
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A Zitzmann, "The Iron Ore deposits of Italy" Vol. 1 of "The Iron Ore Deposits of Europe & adjacent areas". Hanover, 1977.
J R Spencer, "Filarete's Description of a 15th century Iron Smelter" Technology and Culture 1963, 4, 201 and 1964, 5, 386.
L G Boccia, "Armi e Armature Lombarde" Milan, 1980 p.16.
R Walzei, "The 2000-year tradition of the Austrian iron & steel industry" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute August 1951 p.364.
F W Dunning and A M Evans, "Mineral Deposits of Europe" 1986.
B Thomas and O Gamber, "Die Geschichte der Innsbrucker Plattnerkunst" in the exhibition catalogue Die lnnsbrucker Plattnerkunst, Innsbruck, 1954, Sperl, G. "Die Technologie der direkten Eisenherstellung" in "Erz und Eisen in der Grünen Mark" Graz, 1984.
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HA Dillon, "A letter of Sir Henry Lee, 1590, on the trial of iron for armour" Archaeologia 1888 51, 167.
A R Williams, "A technical note on some of the armour of King Henry VIII" Archaeologia 1979 106, 157.
G R Morton and J Wingrove. "Constitution of bloomery slags Part II: Medieval" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute 1972, July, p.478.
J A Charles, "The coming of copper and copper-base alloys and iron" in "The coming of the age of iron" ed. T Wertime, and J Muhly, Yale, 1980.
R E Clough, "The bloomery process" in "The crafts of the blacksmith" ed. B Scott and H Cleere, Belfast, 1984.
R F Tylecote, J N Austin and A E Wraith, "Mechanism of the bloomery process in shaft furnaces" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute 1971.
0 Johannsen, "Geschichte des Eisens" Düsseldorf, 1953.
E Tholander, "Some aspects of the origin of the blast furnace" Historical Metallurgy, 1986, 20, 79
B Awty. "The origins of the blast furnace" Historical Metallurgy 1987, 21, 96 and Historical Metallurgy 1988 22, 125.
R F Tylecote, "Metallurgy in Archaeology", 1962.
J E Thorold Rogers, "A history of agriculture & prices in England, 1259-1793" (7 vols, 1866-1902).
K C Barraclough, "Puddled steel" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute 1971,
T Wertime, "The coming of the age of steel" Chicago, 1962, 289.
V Biringuccio, "Pirotechnia" Venice, 1540; (English translation by CS Smith & MT Gnudi, 1942, reprinted New York 1959).
G Agricola, "De re metallica" 1556, Basel; (English trans. 1912 by H C & L H Hoover, reprinted New York, 1945, p.342).
J G McDonnell, "The study of early iron smithing residues" in "The Crafts of the Blacksmith"
RH Wackernagel, "Das Münchner Zeughaus". Munich, 1983.
A R Williams, "Fifteenth century armour from Chorburg" Armi Antiehe Turin, 1986, 3.
A R Williams, "The manufacture of armour in Germany" Waffen- und Kostümkunde, Munich, 1987, 29, 90.
I C Freestone, "Melting points and viscosities of ancient slags" Historical Metallurgy 1988 22, 49,
Kresten, P. "Melting points and viscosities of slags" Historical Metallurgy 1986, 20, 43.
L G Boccia, "L'arte dell 'armatura in Italia", Milan, 1967, 144.
A R Williams, "Sixteenth century armour in the Royal Armoury, Turin" Armi Antiehe (in press).
P W Roth, "Wieviel kostet ein Harnisch?" in "Der Gräzer Harnisch in der Turken abwehr" Graz, 1971, 22.
A Zitzmann, "The Iron Ore deposits of Italy" Vol. 1 of "The Iron Ore Deposits of Europe & adjacent areas". Hanover, 1977.
J R Spencer, "Filarete's Description of a 15th century Iron Smelter" Technology and Culture 1963, 4, 201 and 1964, 5, 386.
L G Boccia, "Armi e Armature Lombarde" Milan, 1980 p.16.
R Walzei, "The 2000-year tradition of the Austrian iron & steel industry" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute August 1951 p.364.
F W Dunning and A M Evans, "Mineral Deposits of Europe" 1986.
B Thomas and O Gamber, "Die Geschichte der Innsbrucker Plattnerkunst" in the exhibition catalogue Die lnnsbrucker Plattnerkunst, Innsbruck, 1954, Sperl, G. "Die Technologie der direkten Eisenherstellung" in "Erz und Eisen in der Grünen Mark" Graz, 1984.
F H Cripps-Day, "lntroduction to the study of Greenwich armour" in Fragmenta Armamentaria, Frame, 1934, I, (2), 15, and I, (3), 46.
HA Dillon, "A letter of Sir Henry Lee, 1590, on the trial of iron for armour" Archaeologia 1888 51, 167.
A R Williams, "A technical note on some of the armour of King Henry VIII" Archaeologia 1979 106, 157.
G R Morton and J Wingrove. "Constitution of bloomery slags Part II: Medieval" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute 1972, July, p.478.
J A Charles, "The coming of copper and copper-base alloys and iron" in "The coming of the age of iron" ed. T Wertime, and J Muhly, Yale, 1980.
R E Clough, "The bloomery process" in "The crafts of the blacksmith" ed. B Scott and H Cleere, Belfast, 1984.
R F Tylecote, J N Austin and A E Wraith, "Mechanism of the bloomery process in shaft furnaces" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute 1971.
0 Johannsen, "Geschichte des Eisens" Düsseldorf, 1953.
E Tholander, "Some aspects of the origin of the blast furnace" Historical Metallurgy, 1986, 20, 79
B Awty. "The origins of the blast furnace" Historical Metallurgy 1987, 21, 96 and Historical Metallurgy 1988 22, 125.
R F Tylecote, "Metallurgy in Archaeology", 1962.
J E Thorold Rogers, "A history of agriculture & prices in England, 1259-1793" (7 vols, 1866-1902).
K C Barraclough, "Puddled steel" Journal of the Iron & Steel Institute 1971,
T Wertime, "The coming of the age of steel" Chicago, 1962, 289.
V Biringuccio, "Pirotechnia" Venice, 1540; (English translation by CS Smith & MT Gnudi, 1942, reprinted New York 1959).
G Agricola, "De re metallica" 1556, Basel; (English trans. 1912 by H C & L H Hoover, reprinted New York, 1945, p.342).
J G McDonnell, "The study of early iron smithing residues" in "The Crafts of the Blacksmith"
RH Wackernagel, "Das Münchner Zeughaus". Munich, 1983.
A R Williams, "Fifteenth century armour from Chorburg" Armi Antiehe Turin, 1986, 3.
A R Williams, "The manufacture of armour in Germany" Waffen- und Kostümkunde, Munich, 1987, 29, 90.
I C Freestone, "Melting points and viscosities of ancient slags" Historical Metallurgy 1988 22, 49,
Kresten, P. "Melting points and viscosities of slags" Historical Metallurgy 1986, 20, 43.
L G Boccia, "L'arte dell 'armatura in Italia", Milan, 1967, 144.
A R Williams, "Sixteenth century armour in the Royal Armoury, Turin" Armi Antiehe (in press).
P W Roth, "Wieviel kostet ein Harnisch?" in "Der Gräzer Harnisch in der Turken abwehr" Graz, 1971, 22.
How to Cite
Slag inclusions in armour. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 24(2), 69-80. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/565
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How to Cite
Slag inclusions in armour. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 24(2), 69-80. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/565