Instrumental neutron activation analysis of copper-rich samples from the Bead Hill site, Ontario, Canada
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Published
Nov 13, 2021
Abstract
Thirty-two copper-based metal samples from the Bead Hill site in southern Ontario were analysed by neutron activation analysis. All of the samples are of European origin, with thirty-one brass samples and one copper sample. There are from five to seven different trace-element chemistries. Given that a brass kettle can consist of two or more different brasses (ie the body and the two lugs) with copper, brassy-copper or brass rivets, it is possible that the material came from as few as two to four brass kettles. Similarities of one of the Bead Hill brass chemistries to material from the earlier Robitaille site in Huronia indicate that material curation was the source of this potential ‘trade connection’.
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References
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Rapp, G, Henrickson, E, Miller, M and Aschenbrenner, S 1980, ‘Trace element fingerprinting as a guide to the geographic sources of native copper’, Journal of Metals 32(1), 35–45.
Rapp, G, Allert, J and Henrickson, E 1984, ‘Trace element discrimination of discrete sources of native copper’, in J B Lambert (ed), Archaeological Chemistry III (Washington DC : Advances in Chemistry 205), 273–294.
Tanabe, Giichi 1964, ‘Identification of native copper’, Jinruigaku 739, 46–47 (translated).
Walker, C, Hancock, R G V, Aufreiter, S, Latta, M A, and Garrad, C 1999, ‘Chronological markers? Chemical analysis of copper-based trade metal artefacts from Petun sites in southern Ontario’,
in S M M Young, A M Pollard, P Budd and R A Ixer (eds), Metals in Antiquity (Oxford: BAR Int Ser 792), 317–325.
Wayman, M L, Smith, R R, Hickey, C G and Duke, M J M 1985, ‘The analysis of copper artifacts of the Copper Inuit’, Journal of Archaeological Science 12, 367–375.
Whitehead, R H, Pavlish, L A, Farquhar, R M and Hancock, R G V 1999, ‘Analysis of copper-based metals from three Mi’kmaq sites in Nova Scotia’, North American Archaeologist 19(4), 279–292.
Witthoft, J and Eyman, F 1969, ‘Metallurgy of the Tlingit Dene Eskimo’, Expedition 112(3), 12–23.
Coghlan, H H, Childe, V G and Bromehead, C N 1948, ‘Ancient mining and metallurgy group: preliminary report, Part I’, Man 68, 5–7.
Fields, P R, Milsted, J, Henrickson, E and Ramette, R 1971, ‘Trace impurity patterns in copper ores and artifacts’, Science and Archaeology 10, 131–143.
Fitzgerald, W R and Ramsden, P G 1988, ‘Copper based metal testing as an aid to understanding early European American interaction: scratching the surface’, Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12, 153–161.
Forbes, R and Barsdate, R 1969, ‘Trace metal zonation in a native copper nugget from the McCarthy District, Alaska’, Economic Geology 64(4), 455–458.
Franklin, U, Badone, E, Gotthardt, R and Yorga, B 1981, Prehistoric copper technology and copper sources in Western Arctic and Subarctic, North America, Ottawa: National Museum of Man Mercury Series [Archaeological Survey of Canada] Paper No 101.
Franklin, U M 1982, ‘Folding: a prehistoric way of working native copper in the North American Arctic’, MASCA Journal 2(2), 48–52.
Goad, S I and Noakes, J 1978, ‘Prehistoric copper artefacts in the eastern United States’, in G F Carter (ed), Archaeological Chemistry II (Washington DC: Advances in Chemistry 171), 335–346.
Hancock, R G V 1976, ‘Low flux multielement instrumental neutron activation analysis in archaeometry’, Analytical Chemistry 48, 1443–1445.
Hancock, R G V, Farquhar, R M, Pavlish, L A, Salloum, R, Fox, W A and Wilson, G C 1991a, ‘North American native copper and European trade copper analyses’, in E Pernicka and G Wagner (eds), Archaeometry ‘90 (Basel), 173–182.
Hancock, R G V, Farquhar, R M, Pavlish, L A, Salloum, R, Fox, W A and Wilson, G C 1991b, ‘Distinguishing European and northeastern North American native copper’, Archaeometry 33, 69–86.
Hancock, R G V, Pavlish, L A, Fox, W A and Latta, M A 1995, ‘Analysis of copper-based metals from the Robitaille site, southcentral Ontario, Canada’, Archaeometry 37(2), 339–350.
Hill, W E and Neuman, R W 1966, ‘Copper artifacts from prehistoric archaeological sites in the Dakotas’, Science 154, 1171–1173.
Hurst, V and Larson, H 1958, ‘On the source of copper at the Etowah Site’, American Antiquity 24, 177–181.
Moreau, J-F and Hancock, R G V 1999, ‘The effects of corrosion on INAA characterization of brass kettles of the early European contact period in northeastern North America’, Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 1119–1125.
Pavlish, L A, Hancock, R G V, Farquhar, R M, Finlayson, W D 1998, ‘Neutron activation analysis of copper-based metals from archaeological sites near Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada’, in W D Finlayson, Iroquoian peoples of the land of rocks and water, AD 100–1650: a study of settlement archaeology, (London, Ontario), 150–155.
Rapp, G, Henrickson, E, Allert, J 1990, ‘Native copper sources of artifact copper in pre-Columbian North America’ in N P Lasca and J Donahue (eds), Archaeological Geology of North America (Boulder: Geological Society of America Centennial Special Volume 4), 479–498.
Rapp, G, Henrickson, E, Miller, M and Aschenbrenner, S 1980, ‘Trace element fingerprinting as a guide to the geographic sources of native copper’, Journal of Metals 32(1), 35–45.
Rapp, G, Allert, J and Henrickson, E 1984, ‘Trace element discrimination of discrete sources of native copper’, in J B Lambert (ed), Archaeological Chemistry III (Washington DC : Advances in Chemistry 205), 273–294.
Tanabe, Giichi 1964, ‘Identification of native copper’, Jinruigaku 739, 46–47 (translated).
Walker, C, Hancock, R G V, Aufreiter, S, Latta, M A, and Garrad, C 1999, ‘Chronological markers? Chemical analysis of copper-based trade metal artefacts from Petun sites in southern Ontario’,
in S M M Young, A M Pollard, P Budd and R A Ixer (eds), Metals in Antiquity (Oxford: BAR Int Ser 792), 317–325.
Wayman, M L, Smith, R R, Hickey, C G and Duke, M J M 1985, ‘The analysis of copper artifacts of the Copper Inuit’, Journal of Archaeological Science 12, 367–375.
Whitehead, R H, Pavlish, L A, Farquhar, R M and Hancock, R G V 1999, ‘Analysis of copper-based metals from three Mi’kmaq sites in Nova Scotia’, North American Archaeologist 19(4), 279–292.
Witthoft, J and Eyman, F 1969, ‘Metallurgy of the Tlingit Dene Eskimo’, Expedition 112(3), 12–23.
How to Cite
Instrumental neutron activation analysis of copper-rich samples from the Bead Hill site, Ontario, Canada. (2021). Historical Metallurgy, 38(2), 106-112. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/247
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How to Cite
Instrumental neutron activation analysis of copper-rich samples from the Bead Hill site, Ontario, Canada. (2021). Historical Metallurgy, 38(2), 106-112. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/247