The Cross of Cong and some aspects of goldsmithing in pre-Norman Ireland
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Published
Nov 12, 2021
Abstract
The Cross of Cong is the most important reliquary surviving from early medieval Ireland and belongs to a large corpus of pre-Norman, decorative, church metalwork from the late 11th and 12th centuries. The materials and techniques behind the manufacture of this most impressive piece of metalwork are examined. Reviewing the historical and archaeological evidence for goldsmithing in Ireland during this period identifi es gaps in current knowledge about this craft. Sources of raw materials, whether native or imported, are also discussed, with a particular emphasis on the source and availability of gold. Finally, by examining the Cross in some detail, the range of techniques practised by goldsmiths in Ireland in the period c1050–c1150 can be appreciated.
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References
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de Paor M and de Paor L 1958, Early Christian Ireland (London).
Etchingham C 2000, ‘Episcopal hierarchy in Connacht and Tairdelbach Ua Conchobair’, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society 52, 13–29.
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Harbison P 1999c, ‘The Oliver Davies Lecture: Regal (and other) patronage in Irish inscriptions of the pre-Norman period’, Ulster Journal of Archaeology 58, 43–54.
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Johansen O S 1973, ‘Bossed penannular brooches: a systematization and study of their cultural affinities’, Acta Archaeologica 44, 63–124.
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Kelly E P 2003, ‘The Tully Lough Cross’, Archaeology Ireland 17(2), 9–10.
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Lucas A T 1973, Treasures of Ireland: Irish pagan and early Christian art (Dublin).
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to accompany the bedrock geology 1:100,000 scale map series, sheet 7, Sligo-Leitrim (Dublin).
MacDermott M 1955, ‘The Kells Crosier’, Archaeologia 96, 59–113.
McLeod N 2004, ‘The metalwork tradition in medieval Irish law’, in P O’Neill (ed) Between Intrusions: Britain and Ireland between the Romans and the Normans. (Sydney), 103–13.
Michelli P E 1996, ‘The inscriptions on pre-Norman Irish reliquaries’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 96C, 1–48.
Mitchell F 1984, ‘The cap of St Lachtin’s arm’, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 114, 139–40.
Moss R J 1927, ‘A chemical examination of the crucibles in the collection of Irish antiquities of the Royal Irish Academy’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 37C, 175–93.
Mullarkey P 2004, ‘Some observations on the form and date of the Soiscéal Molaise book shrine’, in C Hourihane (ed) Irish art historical studies in honour of Peter Harbison (Dublin: Index of Christian Art Occasional Papers 7), 124–40.
Murray G 2003, ‘Lost and found: the eleventh figure on St Manchan’s Shrine’, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 133, 176–80.
Murray G 2004, ‘The arm-shaped reliquary of St Lachtin: technique, style and significance’, in C Hourihane (ed) Irish art historical studies in honour of Peter Harbison (Dublin: Index of Christian Art Occasional Papers VII), 141–64.
Murray G forthcoming, ‘Insular-type crosiers: their construction and characteristics’, in R Moss (ed) Making and meaning in Insular art (Dublin).
National Museum of Ireland 1973, Viking and Medieval Dublin: National Museum Excavations, 1962–1973, Catalogue of Exhibition (Dublin).
O’Brien W 2004, Ross Island: Mining, Metal and Society in Early Ireland (Galway).
O’Corrain D 1972, Ireland before the Normans (Dublin).
O’Donnell M 2000, ‘Scrahane, Co Kerry’, in I Bennett (ed) Excavations 1998 (Dublin), 95-6.
O’Donovan J 1856–7, ‘Inscriptions on the Cross of Cong’, Proceedings and papers of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society 1:1, 37–40.
Ó Floinn R 1983a, ‘Catalogue entries’ in M Ryan (ed) Treasures of Ireland: Irish Art 3000 BC–1500 AD (Dublin).
Ó Floinn R 1983b, ‘A gold band found near Rathkeale, Co Limerick’, North Munster Antiquarian Journal 25, 3–8.
Ó Floinn R 1987a, ‘Schools of metalworking in eleventh- and twelfth-century Ireland’, in M Ryan (ed) Ireland and Insular Art AD 500-1200 (Dublin), 179–87.
Ó Floinn R 1987b, ‘Irish Romanesque crucifi x fi gures’ in E Rynne (ed) Figures from the Past: Studies on Figurative Art in Christian Ireland in honour of Helen M Roe (Dun Laoghaire), 168–88.
Ó Floinn R 1993, ‘Museum gets gold from Christies’, Archaeology Ireland 7(3), 10.
Ó Floinn R 1995, ‘Sandhills, silver and shrines – fine metalwork of the medieval period from Donegal’ in W Nolan, L Ronayne and M Dunlevy (eds) Donegal – History and Society: Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County (Dublin), 85–148.
Ó Floinn R 1997, ‘Innovation and conservatism in Irish metalwork of the Romanesque period’, in C E Karkov, M Ryan and R T Farrell (eds) The Insular Tradition (New York), 259–81.
Ó Floinn R 1998a, ‘Some decorated stone sculpture from Liathmore, Co Tipperary’, in C Manning (ed) Dublin and Beyond the Pale: Studies in honour of Patrick Healy (Dublin), 193–201.
Ó Floinn R 1998b, ‘Clonmacnoise: art and patronage in the early medieval period’ in H A King (ed) Clonmacnoise Studies: Volume 1 Seminar Papers 1994 (Dublin), 87–100.
Ó Floinn R and King H A 1998, ‘Archaeological investigations at St Ciarán’s National School’, in H A King (ed) Clonmacnoise Studies: Volume 1 Seminar Papers 1994 (Dublin), 119–32.
O’Meadhra U 1979, Early Christian, Viking and Romanesque art motif-pieces from Ireland: an illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the so-called artists’ ‘trial-pieces’ from c.5th–12th cents AD, found in Ireland, c.1830–1973 (Stockholm).
O’Meadhra U 1987, Early Christian, Viking and Romanesque art motif-pieces from Ireland 2. A discussion on aspects of find context and function (Stockhom).
O’Meadhra U 1997 ‘Motif-pieces and other decorated bone and antler work’, in T Barry, R Cleary and M Hurley (eds) Late Viking age and medieval Waterford: excavations 1986–1992
(Waterford), 699–702.
O’Meara J J (ed) 1982, The history and topography of Ireland by Gerald of Wales (London).
O’Neill H 1854-5, ‘Inscriptions on the Cross of Cong’, Proceedings and Transactions of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society 3, 417–9.
Ó Riain P and Murray G 2005, ‘The Cross of Cong – some recent discoveries’, Archaeology Ireland 19(1), 18–21.
Ó Ríordáin B 1976, ‘The High Street excavations’, in B Almqvist and D Greene (ed) Proceedings of the seventh Viking Congress (Dublin), 135–40.
Petrie G 1847–50, ‘Account of the Cross of Cong’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 4, 572–85.
Petrie G 1878, Christian inscriptions in the Irish language. Chiefly collected and drawn by George Petrie, LL.D.; and edited by M Stokes Vol II (Dublin).
Rice G 1990-1, ‘An addition to the corpus of bronze open work plaques emanating from a Clonmacnoise workshop in the twelfth century’, Ríocht Na Mídhe 8(3), 114–7.
Ryan M 1983, The Derrynaflan Hoard I: A preliminary account (Dublin).
Ryan M 1988, ‘The Irish horn-reliquary of Tongres/Tongeren, Belgium’, in G Mac Niocaill and P F Wallace (eds) Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in Memory of Tom
Delany (Galway), 127–42.
Ryan M 1993, Metal craftsmanship in early Ireland (Dublin).
Ryan M 2002a, ‘Fine metalworking and early Irish monasteries: the archaeological evidence’ fi rst published in 1989, in M Ryan (ed) Studies in medieval Irish metalwork (London), 246–60.
Ryan M 2002b, ‘Some archaeological comments on the occurrence and use of silver in pre-Viking Ireland’ first published in 1982 in M Ryan Studies in medieval Irish metalwork London), 1–15.
Ryan M 2004, ‘The Loughan Brooch’, in C Hourihane (ed) Irish art historical studies in honour of Peter Harbison (Dublin: Index of Christian Art Occasional Papers 7), 109–23.
Ryan M, Ó Floinn R, Lowick N, Kenny M, and Cazalet P 1984, ‘Six silver finds of the Viking period from the vicinity of Lough Ennell, Co Westmeath’, Peritia 3, 334–81.
Rynne E 2000, ‘The Kilshanny Bell’, in C Ó Murchadha (ed) County Clare studies: essays in memory of Gerald O’Connell, Séan Ó Murchadha, Thomas Coffey and Pat Flynn (Ennis), 42–54.
Scott A B and Martain F X (eds) 1978, Expugnatio Hibernica: the conquest of Ireland by Giraldus Cambrensis (Dublin).
Scott B G 1990, Early Irish ironworking (Belfast).
Sheehan J 1988 A bronze bell-crest from the Rock of Cashel, Co Tipperary’, North Munster Antiquarian Journal 30, 3–13.
Sheehan J 1998, ‘Early Viking age silver hoards from Ireland and their Scandinavian elements’ in H B Clarke, M Ní Mhaonaigh and R Ó Floinn (eds) Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age (Dublin).
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How to Cite
Murray, G. (2021). The Cross of Cong and some aspects of goldsmithing in pre-Norman Ireland. Historical Metallurgy, 40(1), 49-67. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/233
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Articles
How to Cite
Murray, G. (2021). The Cross of Cong and some aspects of goldsmithing in pre-Norman Ireland. Historical Metallurgy, 40(1), 49-67. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/233