Puddling: a metallurgical perspective
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Published
Nov 11, 2021
Abstract
Puddling was the process of choice for producing wrought iron and steel for most of the 19th century. The original dry puddling process was replaced beginning in 1830 by wet puddling, which was radically different in terms of the key chemical reactions involved, the thermal behaviour of the melt, the speed of the process and the quality and consistency of the resulting product. In this paper we examine wet puddling from a metallurgical perspective and express our respect for those master puddlers who could control such a complex process with little other than their senses to guide them. Concluding remarks relate to the final years of wrought iron production in Great Britain and the United States.
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References
A M Byers Company 1942, General Catalog (Pittsburgh).
Barraclough K 1971, ‘Puddled Steel: a forgotten chapter in the history of steelmaking’, J Iron and Steel Institute 209, 785–789.
Bray J L 1942, Ferrous production metallurgy (New York).
Davis J J 1922, The iron puddler: my life in the rolling mills and what came of it (Kessinger Publishing Reprint 2004, Kila, Montana).
Flemings, M C 1991, ‘Behavior of metals in the semi-solid state’, Materials and Metals Transactions 22A, 957–981.
Flemings M C and Ragone D V 2009, ‘Puddling: A New Look at an Old Process, to be published in International Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Japan.
Gale W K V 1963, ‘Wrought Iron - A Valediction’, Trans Newcomen Society XXXVI, 1–11.
Gordon R B 1996, American iron, 1607–1900 (Baltimore).
Howe H M 1903, Iron, steel, and other alloys (Boston).
Hyde C K 1994, ‘Technological change in the British wrought iron industry, 1750–1815: A reinterpretation’, in Church R A and Wrigley E A (eds) The Coal and Iron Industries (Oxford), 254–270.
Martinez R A and Flemings M C 2005, ‘Evolution of particle morphology in semi-solid processing’, Materials and Metallurgical Transactions 36A 2205.
Morton G R and Birt R G 1974, ‘The present-day production of wrought iron’, Historical Metallurgy 8, 96–102.
Mott R A 1983, Henry Cort: The Great Finer (ed) Singer P (London).
Percy J 1864, Metallurgy: vol 2: iron and steel (London).
Turner T 1895, The metallurgy of iron. 6th edition (London).
United States Steel Company 1985, The making, shaping and treating of steel, 10th Edition (Pittsburgh).
Barraclough K 1971, ‘Puddled Steel: a forgotten chapter in the history of steelmaking’, J Iron and Steel Institute 209, 785–789.
Bray J L 1942, Ferrous production metallurgy (New York).
Davis J J 1922, The iron puddler: my life in the rolling mills and what came of it (Kessinger Publishing Reprint 2004, Kila, Montana).
Flemings, M C 1991, ‘Behavior of metals in the semi-solid state’, Materials and Metals Transactions 22A, 957–981.
Flemings M C and Ragone D V 2009, ‘Puddling: A New Look at an Old Process, to be published in International Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Japan.
Gale W K V 1963, ‘Wrought Iron - A Valediction’, Trans Newcomen Society XXXVI, 1–11.
Gordon R B 1996, American iron, 1607–1900 (Baltimore).
Howe H M 1903, Iron, steel, and other alloys (Boston).
Hyde C K 1994, ‘Technological change in the British wrought iron industry, 1750–1815: A reinterpretation’, in Church R A and Wrigley E A (eds) The Coal and Iron Industries (Oxford), 254–270.
Martinez R A and Flemings M C 2005, ‘Evolution of particle morphology in semi-solid processing’, Materials and Metallurgical Transactions 36A 2205.
Morton G R and Birt R G 1974, ‘The present-day production of wrought iron’, Historical Metallurgy 8, 96–102.
Mott R A 1983, Henry Cort: The Great Finer (ed) Singer P (London).
Percy J 1864, Metallurgy: vol 2: iron and steel (London).
Turner T 1895, The metallurgy of iron. 6th edition (London).
United States Steel Company 1985, The making, shaping and treating of steel, 10th Edition (Pittsburgh).
How to Cite
Puddling: a metallurgical perspective. (2021). Historical Metallurgy, 43(2), 103-108. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/169
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How to Cite
Puddling: a metallurgical perspective. (2021). Historical Metallurgy, 43(2), 103-108. https://www.hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/169